Business plan about cambata aviation

Business plan about cambata aviation Business Plan Executive Summary: Cambata Aviation Private Limited is a private sector leading ground handling agency in India. Currently CAPL handles more than 30 international passenger airlines, more than 10 cargo airlines and number of non-scheduled airlines operations across India. Company management would like to expand the operations of the company in coming two-three years to become pioneer in the ground handling industry. In order to succeed and become ground handling giant we need to takeover domestic ground handling market which is growing very rapidly and also attract new international, private and non-scheduled airlines towards our company. We also need to acquire new equipments to support our operations and increase productivity. Following plan will give an idea about how company is going to achieve the said objective. Cambata Aviations main strategy is to emphasize the quality of its professional services. Since CAPL is the existing and well known ground handling agency we have a backup of our expert management team that is always looks after the development of the company. Based on the size of our market, our sales projection for the next year will be $4,250,000. In order to acquire new equipments, complete all the legal formalities and for marketing we will need around $3,486,000 at start up. Company chairman invested $600,000 and rest we will borrow from bank as a long term liability. Introduction:- Cambata Aviation Private Limited (CAPL) started offering Ground Handling services in 1967 at Mumbai International airport. British Airways (formerly known as British Overseas Airways Corporation) was the first customer airline company of CAPL. In earlier days Cambata use to provide only ‘Meet and Assist services to certain airlines that includes wheelchair assistance, unaccompanied minors assistance, flight crew clearance, CIP handling. Because certain airlines provide such meet and greet services to their premium customers. Later CAPL started providing other functions like Check in, Baggage Tracer, Cargo acceptance and unitization, Flight Dispatch, Weight Balance, Ramp, Cabin Appearance, and Clearance of Company Stores Mail. Cambata Aviation is the member of the International Air Transport Association Ground Handling Council (IATA-IGHC) and approved ground handling company. At present CAPL is the only independent and private ground handling agency in India with IATA-JAR-OPS Service Level Agreement. Currently Cambata handles more than 30 international airline operations across India. The objective of CAPL is to provide highest standard of services to all the international customer airlines and to attract new airlines towards company. The services provided at CAPL are world class keeping in mind the safety and security in operation is the aim, which is the base of aviation industry. This business plan is about the expansion of the company to start ground handling activities for domestic airlines, private airlines and non-scheduled airlines as well as to provide new and innovative value added services required by the international customer airlines and purchase of new own equipments like Push back tractors, belt loaders, cargo dollies and loaders, Ground Power Units, Passenger stairs, baggage carts, wheelchair lifts and Ambulift etc. to become pioneer in the ground handling services in India. The main purpose behind this expansion is to capture whole domestic market. Since we have certain international airlines that operate twice or thrice a week so we can utilise our workforce for domestic operations as well. Day by day domestic airline market is roaring up, in the year 2006-07 there were 3 new airlines that started their operations. The Market Situation Currently Aviation industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world, India is no exception. Earlier times at airport, airline companies used to employ their own employees but now most of the airlines ask the ground handling agencies to look after their all flight movements. This is the cost-effective basis for airline companies. Mumbais Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA) is Indias and South Asias largest and most important hub, handling more than 25million passengers and 533,593 tonnes of cargo. Between April 2006 and February 2007, CSIA handled 180,000 landings and take-offs and over 20 million passengers with around 6.73 million international passengers and around 13.65 million domestic passengers. As compared to the year 2005-06 passengers growth rose to 21.28%. From above statistics we can figure out that domestic sector of the Indian aviation is also coming up rapidly. Most famous domestic airlines are Jet Airways, Kingfisher Airlines, Spice Jet, Go A ir and Indigo. In case of domestic airlines there are only two ground handling agencies. At present in Mumbai there are 5 ground handling agencies namely National Aviation Company of India Limited (NACIL), Cambata Aviation, Air works India, National Aviation Services (NAS) and Globe Ground India. Among all Cambatas services is one of the best. This can be proved by the number of international airlines customers Cambata has. At Mumbai Airport Cambata handles more than 15 international passenger airlines, more than 6 cargo airlines and quite a few non-scheduled airline movements as well. Now Cambata will eye on the new entrants at Mumbai airport by introducing some new services along with ground handling. We can say that, at the time Cambata has a very good position in the ground handling market in India. It can be seen by following figures: Mission And Objectives: Every company has a vision and mission, basically mission means an exercise where all the employees of the company follows an organisational culture to work together to work towards the desired results. But I think vision is more important because it helps the company to determine the future. It serves as concrete foundation to the company. Cambata Aviation will be the most preferred Ground Handling agency in India. It will be the first choice handling agency for the international and domestic carriers, which other ground handling agencies will seek to match. Cambata Aviation will achieve this pre-eminent position by offering a high quality of service and safe, reliable and efficient operations on behalf of the airline company. Cambata will achieve these objectives at the same time ensuring consistent profitability, creating goodwill, satisfy employees and important of all satisfying customer airlines. Objectives: 1) To introduce ground handling for domestic, private, cargo and non-scheduled airlines in coming two years. 2) Acquire new equipments to provide 100% own ground handling support at the airport. 3) Provide better and innovative services to our international customer airlines. Keys To Success: 1) Thorough and stringent induction training for the employees to help them understand the responsibilities towards daily activities keeping safety and security as the motto. 2) Improving established practises of the company. 3) Maintain good relations with the customer airlines by providing best services all the time. Company Summary: As mentioned above Cambata Aviation is one of the oldest ground handling agency in India. It started in 1967 at Mumbai. Later operations of the company spreads across India, in 1972 we started our operations in Delhi and then Chennai, Ahmadabad, and Pune. CAPL looks after different operations such as passenger handling services like check-in, baggage handling, aircraft cleaning, security, ramp handling, flight despatch operations, weight and balance etc. Further company is divided into five departments namely accounts and marketing, Personnel, Passenger handling services and Human resources, cargo and ramp operations department. Accounts and marketing department looks after companys income and expenditure, bills receivables, bills payables, salaries of staff etc. and marketing of our services among new entrants. This department plays an important role in growth of company by controlling costs and increasing revenues. Start Up Expenses: Since our company is well established company we dont require raising money to cover certain expenses but as we have to complete certain formalities we need some capital. Following chart will give the description of Start up Expenses. Marketing Plan: Cambata Aviation is well established company but now we have to expand our business to provide ground handling facilities to domestic sector airlines, private airlines in coming two-three years. Also to expand the current functions we have to acquire new equipments. We need to use different strategies to expand our business to operate on domestic sector. Important thing is we have to obtain permission from Airports Authority of India and Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS) to act as an authorized ground handling agent. Currently there are only two ground handling agencies operating at domestic terminal. Our agency is the oldest one so introducing ground services at domestic terminal would be easy. As like international operations we can provide service to domestic giants. Our target customers would be emerging airlines, existing small airlines that lacks in professional skilled workforce, and new entrants in the international and domestic markets. Basically new airlines lack in skilled workforce, equipments and they have to invest lot of money in training of employees and acquiring new equipments. Here we can use our goodwill and offer ground handling services to them. We have trained workforce with proper experience and knowledge in this sector. We feel that our well trained employees will generate more goodwill by providing world class services with well maintained equipments. Market Segmentation: 1) Unsatisfied Airlines: We hope to obtain positive response from the airlines like commercial, cargo airlines that are dissatisfied with their current ground handling agency. 2) New Entrants: We can target new airlines that just started their operations. 3) Non-scheduled , Private Airlines: We can target non-scheduled aircrafts and most importantly private airlines. It will be very easy for them to hire the services for particular time and number of private airlines is on rise which can provide us a good advantage. Market Segmentation Market Needs: Due to intense competition many airlines started reducing the fare prices and cutting off other expenses. By handing over the airline operations to ground handling agencies they can cut off some of their expenses on employees. There are several airlines flying to Mumbai that are not satisfied with either the quality of the service or the poorly maintained equipments provided by their ground handling agency. Flights which we handle with our well trained workforce at all levels and well maintained equipments will confirm their dissatisfaction with our competition and generate new business for us. Almost all the airlines whether international or national require high quality of professional services with well maintained equipments. Because most of the airlines are of turnaround type they depart back within 2-3 hours after the arrival, in that short time ground staff has to work very hard because lots of activities needs to be carried out right from aircraft cleaning, catering, refuelling, baggage loading and unloading etc. Only efficient workers can do these activities fast. Cambata Aviation is well known for its efficient and world class services and because of that it handles more than 15 international airlines operations at Mumbai. We hope this awareness will generate goodwill for us and generate better opportunities as well. In short, demand for ground handling services agencies is increasing. So we should concentrate on our marketing activities, professional services and try to grab the new contracts. Market Trends And Market Growth: The cut throat competition among all the airlines resulted in the global fare cuts. Fare cuts are affecting airline companys revenues. It can be noticed that other expenses related to food and in flight service are decreased but ground handling expenses are steady. In order to cut off cost and raise revenue most of the airlines started outsourcing the major operations to the ground handling agencies. In short to cut off expenses such as training, acquisition of equipments, salaries of the staff at airport; airline companies outsource the operations of airline to ground handling agency which helps to create immense demand for the ground handling agencies. Also most of the airlines know that efficient ground handling helps to improve aircrafts productivity and generate more revenues. Due to such cost cutting measures adopted by most of the airlines, ground handling providers market is growing day by day. New global ground handling agencies are trying to start their business in India. In earlier days there were only 3-4 ground handling agencies, and now number increased to around 10. Major Competitors: 1) National Aviation Company of India Limited (NACIL): We can consider NACIL as our main competitor, being a government owned company it gets lot of benefits. Although their quality of service is not good enough still they handle around 10 international airlines and 2 domestic airlines. This is mainly because its a government owned company. NACIL has all owned equipments so they gain an upper hand as compared to other agencies in the market segment. 2) National Aviation Services (NAS): NAS has recently started their operations at Mumbai Airport. NAS has its base in Kuwait. Currently they are handling 3 international airlines and looking forward to start ground handling at domestic airport too. 3) Air Works India Limited: Air Works India is also an old ground handling agency. They mostly look after operations of Private Charter flights, they are specialised in providing services to private aircrafts. They also have their own helicopter services. Strategy And Implementation Summary: In order to gain good position in the aviation industry CAPL always try and use new strategies. CAPL always keep their staff updated with the latest technology and equipment knowledge. Cambata is well known ground handling agency in India, because of its professional and timely services. Competitive Advantages: 1) Professional Workforce: We always kept our standards at high level; our staffs undergo rigorous training after every 8 months. CAPL training modules aimed to ensure world class services and achieve the set safety and security standards in all our operations such as Passenger services, ramp handling, load control, flight operations, mishandled baggage, aircraft cabin cleaning, cargo documentation. This helps our company to grow and reach soaring heights. 2) Overall Handling Of An Aircraft Movements: Though we dont have all owned equipments we provide all the services to an aircraft from the moment aircraft touches down till airborne. Currently we have four push-back tractors, four ground power units, and important of all we have our own hanger which we can rent out in case if any aircraft needs to carry out maintenance activity. 3) Flight Report Control System (FRCS): Ours is the only ground handling agency that developed FRCS. It was developed with an aim to keep high level of productivity, vigilance and service standards. FRCS helps both the airline company and our management to keep an eye on the level of service. FRCS has to be filled up and acknowledged by customer airline duty manager. Management can use these flight reports in order to raise the standards of the company. 4) Safety And Security Manuals: Cambata has developed its own security manuals which we use for our security training sessions. Our security manual has been approved by Bureau of Civil Aviation Security (BCAS), India. This enables to reduce the frequency and severity of accidents causing personal injuries and aircraft ground damage. SWOT Analysis: SWOT analysis means analysis of our companys Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. SWOT analysis helps to uncover the opportunities which we are looking for. And helps us to understand the weaknesses by which we can eliminate threats. Strengths and Weaknesses are the internal factors and opportunities and threats can be considered as external factors. It is a useful tool which can be use to analyse the position of the company in the market. In case of our company, following is the SWOT analysis of Cambata Aviation. Strengths: 1) Strong Brand and Reputation: Cambata Aviation was established in 1967 in Mumbai. It is well known ground handling agency in India with more than 30 customer airlines across India. 2) Certification: Cambata Aviation is the only independent and private ground handling agency in India with IATA-JAR-OPS Service Level Agreement. It is a member of IATA Ground Handling Council (IATA-IGHC) and also an approved ground handling agency. 3) Good Relations: After serving the international giants like British Airways, Qantas, Cathay Pacific, Alitalia, Air France etc we have very good relations with international airlines and domestic operators as well like Jet Airways for whom we look after ramp activities. 4) Professional Management And Employees: We have a team of professional experts in the aviation industry. Also we provide overall training to our employees in order to keep them updated with latest technological knowledge. 5)Location: We enjoy the benefit of our location as we have our base in Mumbai the economic capital of India. Being an economic capital people from different parts of the world visit Mumbai resulting in more international flight movements in Mumbai and we can use our professional expertise to get the contract for ground handling of most of the airlines. Weaknesses: 1) Absence Of International Branch: We are pioneer in the ground handling services in India. But we are missing the opportunities which are generating at the ‘hubs across the world. 2) Government Restrictions: Being a private company we dont have freedom in certain areas. We have to obtain proper permission from government authorities in order to start the new activities at different airports. 3) Insufficient Equipments: We lack in ownership of some equipments, which we need to hire from other ground handlers. Opportunities: 1) Developing Market: Aviation industry is growing at very fast pace. Lots of new airlines are coming into the market. We can grab the opportunities by approaching new entrants in the Indian skies. 2) New Market Segment: In India domestic aviation and private airlines activities are on rise. Domestic market is also growing very fast; new airlines are setting up their operations. We can expand our operations or services to become a giant in ground handling in both international and domestic airlines market. Airlines like Jet Airways and Kingfisher also looking forward to start international services if we provide ground handling at domestic level then obviously we can operate as their ground handling agent for international operations. 3) Ineffective Competitor: We can attract other airlines that are not happy with their ground handling agent, because of poor services. Threats: 1) New Competitor: National Aviation Services (NAS) Kuwait based ground handling giant has entered in the Indian market. Because of its global presence airlines may attract towards NAS. NAS operates as a ground handling agent for some of the airlines in Kuwait. 2) Price Wars: After the economic downturn many airlines are discontinuing their services to cut the costs. Some of the competitors like National Aviation Company of India Limited (NACIL) a government owned agency have cut the cost to attract other airlines. This could be a possible threat. 3) New Government Policy: As per new government policy only three ground handling agencies can operate at Mumbai airport. Out of that one is government owned NACIL and other two are undecided. In such circumstances we can lose our separate entity and forced to merge with other agency. Project Plan: We will need period of two years to expand the operations. Also we are planning to purchase new equipments. We can assume that after two years we can increase our profits by providing ground handling services to most of the airlines. As our main objective is to capture domestic airlines ground handling market and increase our market share in international airline ground handling market we will work hard in coming two years and grab the market share. We are expecting to achieve the said mission by proper vision in next two years. We have to invest more in our marketing and human resources for better and fast results. (Figure showing various activities carried out by Ground Handling Agency) Sales Forecast: Sales forecast shows our estimated ground and ramp handling, equipments usage, hangar usage revenue. We have a very good relationship with airline companies and many of them have expressed their interest in hiring our services. Management Summary: A strong management team is the heart of any business. Cambata is no exception; we have a very strong management team with wide experience in aviation industry, working to raise the standards of our company. Our management policy is to provide better environment to our staff wherein they can be challenged and stimulated to provide effective and better solutions that meet our customer airlines needs. Promoters And Directors: Late Mr. Kershi S. Cambata was the founder of Cambata Aviation. He was holding a Private pilot license and was ex-Royal Force personnel. He was also a pioneer in Aerial crop spraying business in India. Mr. Nelson K. Cambata- He is a trained pilot holding private pilots license. He acts as a Chairman and Managing Director of the company. He has specialised experience relating to all aspects of ground handling and management. Mr. Sarosh J. Contractor- Mr. Contractor is an Executive Director for Operations. He is a finance graduate holding 36 years of experience in Banking, Airline and ground handling industry. He is responsible for the day to day affairs of India operations. Mr. Burjor N. Nicholson- Mr. Nicholson is also an Executive Director for Finance. He has completed graduation in accounts and finance field and holds 38 years of experience in aviation industry. Above mentioned management team is at highest tier. Further tier consists of Airport Manager, Personnel Manager, and Departmental Managers or head that controls day to day operations at airport. This entire team is highly experienced and qualified in the aviation industry. Management Hierarchy: Personnel Plan: As Cambata is established company currently we have 3 personnels at Directors level. Under them we have 5 Airports manager. But in future we have to increase the number in order to divide the work properly. Our projected Personnel Plan is as follows: Companys success depends upon its employees. Now we want to expand our company so we will need more employees. Having professionals at particular place will help the company to form a solid foundation. Following data summarizes increase in our human resources. Year wise increase in Human Resources (Projected) Financial Analysis: Finance department of the company acts as a watchdog over company expenditure. It makes sure that all our operational activities are funded. It may be possible for a company to fund all the activities from operations, but certain times company may need to turn to the capital market for finance. Company has certain outside sources of money like current debt, bonds, loans etc. For all these activities we need to raise around $5 million in loans. As mentioned above we have to expand our services and also to acquire new equipments which will require huge sums of money. To begin with we have to raise money through loans and some long term investments. There are certain assumptions on which we have to rely on. General Assumption: Break Even Analysis And Costs: Break Even Analysis is calculated where total revenue received by a company is equals with the total cost associated with sales. Our fixed cost consists of rental for our hangar to Airports Authority of India, equipments routine inspection and maintenance cost, monthly fuel cost. In order to provide better service we should have our owned equipments. There are number of equipments available in the market and behind one movement of an aircraft we require almost all equipments such as tow-bars, push-back tractors, unit load device, ground power unit, baggage loader, cargo dollies, forklifts etc. These equipments are very diverse in varieties and expensive. Cambata handles more than 5 airlines at peak time so we require more equipment. It can be seen that we have to invest huge amount of money in equipments. Other costs include training activities conducted by our company. We provide training to our employees after every 8 months with updated topics. In order to get better productivity we have to invest some amount in training and development of employees. Revenue: Following table gives an idea about Revenue generated from Ground handling of single aircraft, equipments rental and hangar rental: As mentioned in the above chart, we provide ground handling services to more than 18 airlines; out of those some airlines operate twice a day daily, some operates just thrice a week. Cambata operates around 1200 arrivals and departures a year with the help of these equipments generating millions of revenue. There are some other revenue sources such as equipment rent and hangar rent. Many a times other ground handling agencies require some of the equipments so they can hire it from us at above mentioned price same in the case of our hangar.

Alienation and Moral Dilemma as Portrayed by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay

Alienation and Moral Dilemma as Portrayed by Nathaniel Hawthorne Nathaniel Hawthorn was born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804 during Puritan times. He created many stories that reflect his life experiences growing up as a Puritan. He writes stories that end with a moral that was learned through the struggles of the characters. These characters are almost always faced with a dilemma where they must choose what is right versus what is wrong. Another common theme in his writing is alienation. These concepts can be found in the stories â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† and â€Å"The Birth Mark.† They are all about a life altering decision one must face and the consequences of that decision. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the dilemma faced by the main character is about the strength of his faith in God and the trust he losses for his wife and community. In â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† a minister is struggling with his own sins and his fear of them being revealed to his congregation. Finally, in â€Å"The Birth Mark,† the main character becomes obsessed with a slight physical flaw on wife’s face; an obsession that ultimately leads to the destruction the thing he cherished most dearly. The story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† is about a man named Goodman Brown who must leave his wife Faith to go on a fateful journey – a journey whose reason is left to speculation. He must go into the local forest, refuse the temptations of the devil, and return to the village before sunrise. He embarks on this journey and returns a changed man for the evils he encountered made him lose his faith in the community around him. The decision or struggle that Brown is faced with in the story is between the evil temptations that lurk in the fore... ...l E., â€Å"The Consequences of Puritan Depravity and Distrust as Historical Context for Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown,’† www.itech.fgcu.edu, http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/Hawthorne.htm Mota, Joshua, â€Å"The Minister's Black Veil,† www.ri.net, http://www.ri.net/schools/Pawtucket/Tolman/ODonnell/MOTAWEB/veil.html Reuban, Paul P, â€Å"PAL: Perspectives in American Literature: A Research and Reference Guide† An Ongoing Online Project, www.csustan.edu, http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap3/hawthorne.html Sharpe, Lynda, â€Å"The Birth-mark by Nathaniel Hawthorne,† www.vcu.edu, http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/eng491/bm-base.htm Shoemaker ,Jacqueline, â€Å"Hawthorne's Realm of Morality: Biographical Contexts for ‘Young Goodman Brown,’† www.itech.fgcu.edu, http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/Hawthorne.htm http://ipl.org/ http://www.wwnorton.com

The Shift in Abortion Policy in the 1800s Essay -- History Abortion Fe

The Shift in Abortion Policy in the 1800s "In 1800 no jurisdiction in the United Sates had enacted any statutes whatsoever on the subject of abortion... Yet by 1900 virtually every jurisdiction in the United States had laws upon its books that proscribed the practice sharply and declared most abortions to be criminal offenses" (Mohr p. VII). Societal Changes from the Early 1800s to the Mid 1800s During the early 1800s, abortion at the beginning of a pregnancy was neither immoral nor criminal. Common law held that before 'quickening,' the first perception of fetal movement by the mother, usually during the second trimester, the fetus was not alive or independent. After quickening abortion was a criminal offense, because the fetus had demonstrated the beginnings of independent life (Mohr p. 1). Since the point of quickening varied from woman to woman and depended upon her word, it was near impossible to prosecute criminal abortions (Mohr p. 2). Most of the laws of the early 1800s were aimed not at prosecuting women for obtaining an abortion, but rather to protect them from medical malpractice such as poisoning, physical harm, and unwanted abortions (Mohr p. 21, 28) (see mollie smith case link). Information on abortion was available to women primarily through home medical manuals and journals. Abortion information was usually available in two sections of home medical books: how to ?release obstructed menses? and ?dangers? to avoid during pregnancy. The latter section was a sort of how-to in reverse that could be effectively put to use by the reader. The most widely consulted work, Buchan's Domestic Medicine, advised emetics and a mixture of prepared steel, powdered myrrh, and aloe to ?restore menstrual flow.? Under caus... ...tives, sixth ed. Worth Publishers. 2001 Mohr, James C. Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900. Oxford University Press: New York, New York. 1978. New York Times, Aug 23 1871, Aug 27 1871, Aug 30 1871, Aug 31 1871, Oct 29 1871. Shryock, R. H. Medicine and Society in America: 1660-1860. Ithaca, NY: Cornell. 1960 Starr, P. Medicine, "Economy and Society in Nineteenth century America," Journal of Social History. 1977. pp10, 588-607. Taverne, Dick. "The Huge Benefits of GM are being Blocked by Blind Opposition," The Guardian 3 Mar. 2004: 24. Wertz, R., and Wertz D. Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America. New York: Free Press. 1997 Wilson, Richard K. "DNA: 50 Years Later," St. Louis Post 27 Feb. 2003: B7. Zeitz, Joshua M. "The Big Lie about the Little Pill," NEED NAME OF PAPER OR JOURNAL27 Dec. 2004: A17.

A Lifetime of Perceived Reality :: Literary Analysis, Fitzgerald

Everyone has moments when you put up veils to either hide, or feel comfort in a situation. We all even sometimes focus on past events to aid our put-on-faces. It sounds natural to periodically take part in this, but imagine if you became so consumed with you illusioned face you took part in this for years on end. After a period of time you would no longer be able to tell your created image from your true image- So you’d turn to what you do know that can be altered just as your image, you would turn to past memories. You’d convince yourself that whatever you had in the past could easily be obtained in the present, which is not true (sp. 2). This is the situation of Jay Gatsby and Daisy Buchanan. Each of these characters from the story The Great Gatsby (F.Scott Fitzgerald) constantly put up facades, and when distinction between actuality and desire became meshed they became abnormal, and a sure price was to be paid for unwittingly turning to the past. Theses two char acters told a fact that’s to last a lifetime- putting up veils for too long, while living in a parallel universe and prior times will lead to your permanent extinction, eternally altered, or utterly lost when actuality apprehends you.(sp.3) Jay Gatsby, the torn man who envisioned himself into â€Å"James Gatz†, who at seventeen invented and transformed himself into Jay Gatsby† (Telgen 67). Gatsby was a man who hid under facades, lived for them sometimes blindly.(Sp.4) This Caused him to unconsciously process â€Å"double vision† -(Telgen65) Meaning he saw in two sets of eyes his uncontrolled natural ones, and his robotic cloaked ones.(sp.5) The Cloaked set (which he could control at this point) distracted him from the present state of Daisy. The realization that the girl he â€Å"loved† was not the golden image he perfected numerous times with memories of his constructed past. He failed to comprehend that he was only in love with the illusion he had created years ago. He allowed these memories to drive him and push him toward things he didn’t understand he could never have. Daisy’s faint crystal memories obsessively drove him â€Å"toward the green light† (Fitzge rald 13), in which nourished and protected the fragile, attained Daisy. Jay â€Å"Gatsby brought [a] House so that Daisy would be just across the bay† (Fitzgerald 147) .

Landfills Essay

In recent years, numerous groups, including federal agencies, have offered advice on how Britons can be â€Å"good environmentalists†. The broadcast and print media, consumers, legislators and even children are told what products and what actions are environmentally â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad†. The advice is based on little more than the simple-minded application of such core beliefs as â€Å"recycling is good†, â€Å"disposal are bad†, â€Å"packaging is bad† and â€Å"plastics are bad†. (Atkins, 2004) Careful studies show that disposables are not necessarily work than reusable or recyclable products. For example: Aseptic juice boxes (which are usually disposed of, rather than recycled) have a clear edge over their alternatives by most measures. Consumers who care mainly about landfills may then choose cloth diapers. (Leeden, 1991) For two-thirds of the Britons landfills (those without liners), it’s the products which degrade that pose a potential environmental threat. Degradation can lead to leaching and chemicals reach the water supply and cause a health threat to fish, wildlife and humans. The other one-third of landfills are completely sealed and allowed very little degradation. Most controlled wastes in Britain- that is; household, commercial and individual wastes- are disposed of to landfill. In England and Wales, 80% of their municipal solid waste is disposed to landfill, about 14%is incinerated and the rest are recycled. All waste disposal activities at landfill in Britain sites have been tightly regulated since a licensing system was introduced. The purpose of the licensing system was to ensure that the waste is recovered or disposed of in ways which protect the environment and human health. Within the planning regime, the emphasis is on an engineering approach to landfill design and construction based on site-specific assessment, underpinned by quality management and good operational practices to achieve a high standard of implementation and environmental protection. (Leeden, 1991) In Britain, despite these controls, concern continues to be expressed about whether landfill sites might present a health risk for people living nearby. A number of scientific studies have investigated whether there are higher than usual levels of adverse health events, such as cancer, or congenital anomalies, in populations living near to sites but no clear picture has emerged. Many of these studies investigated old sites, uncontrolled dumps or sites where significant off-site migration of chemicals was detected, and the results can not be extrapolated to landfill sites in general. In August 1998 a study of the incidence of congenital anomalies near hazardous waste landfill sites in Europe (the EUROHAZCON study) was published in the Lancet (Dolk et al Lancet, Volume 352, pp 423-427 and a relevant commentary on page 417). This study investigated pregnancy outcomes in women living within 7 kilometers of 21 hazardous waste landfill sites in five countries, including the UK. Overall, it found an increased incidence of congenital anomaly in babies whose mothers lived close to a landfill site compared to those who lived further away. Leeden, 1991) In conclusion, we can not safely dispose of solid waste. Government regulation and new technology permit the safe disposal of solid waste-in landfills or by waste-to-energy incineration-without threat to human health or environment. Even without new improvements, the Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the aggregate risk from all operating municipal solid waste landfills in Britain is one cancer death every 23 years.

A day I will remember for the rest of my life! – Creative Writing

My name is John and I am a normal 15 year old boy attending school. I have a mother and a father, Susan and Jack and one sister called Molly. I thought we were all just a normal family and that nothing exciting or extra ordinary ever happens to people like us but I was wrong, very wrong. Well it all happened along time ago on one Monday afternoon, I was just threw the door home from school on my own as usual until five thirty. But as soon I had closed the door there was a knock on the door, so I went to answer but the man behind the door did not look familiar to me, I had never seen him before. He asked me was my mother or father at home and I told him that they were both still at work and would not be home until after 5 thirty. Next thing I know the man is pointing a gun at my head and tells me to move into the house. I was so scared I had never even seen a gun before never mind getting one pointed at me knowing that if I say one wrong thing to the man all he has to do is pull the trigger and that would be the end of me. The man then began to tie me up to the chair and began to talk to me he told me that all I had to do was keep quiet and not say a word, he told me that he did not want me he wanted my father. I then began to think to myself why would anybody come barging into our house with a gun looking for my father but before I could even finish thinking about it he began to tell me why he wanted my father. â€Å"Do you know who your father works for† he said and I told him â€Å"yes, he works for the government, he is a scientist† The man began to tell me how wrong I was about my father â€Å"Your dad is a scientist, that's true, but did you know that your dad is one of the best in the world? Did you know that your dad is working for the NWDF?† â€Å"The NWDF† I said to him confused â€Å"Yes he said the THE NUCLEAR WEAPONS DEVELOPMENT FORCE and did you know that your father has recently just designed one of the most sophisticated and most deadly weapon ever dreamed about? In theory it is so deadly that if it was ever to be used it would wipe out the entire planet within a matter of hours† I was stunned I didn't know what to think and then†¦.. my father walked threw the door, and to his surprise he seen a man with a gun but the difference this time was that my father knew the man. â€Å"Edward† my father said in amazement, â€Å"What in the name of God do you think you are doing† â€Å"I am doing what I should have done along time ago, Jack , I'm taking back what is rightfully mine and which you have received all the credit, fame and gratitude for. I'm taking back the prototype for the Nuclear detonation programme. He held a gun to my fathers head and ordered him to get it but my father refused. † â€Å"How dare you Edward I treated you like a father when you came to NWDF I showed and taught you everything you know and this is what I receive in return† My father said â€Å"You can say what you like Jack but I will be taking back what is rightfully mine I designed it and you took all my plans and made the device knowing what it was capable off and what it could do if it ever got into the hands of the wrong person, now I will show you all what MY device can do† The man continued, he then dragged my father into the other room, all I could hear was the constant screaming and impounding thuds as if they were fighting, from the room for a couple of minutes and next thing it stopped and went quiet, a very scary and tense quiet and then I heard it. A Gunshot, I was screaming, â€Å"DAD, DAD† I roared but there was no reply I roared roared and roared but still no reply. He's dead I thought to myself DEAD!!! I was very very, very scared I did not know what to think and then†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. My father came out from the room. But he was unharmed!! I thought to myself well then who got shot and then my father began to cry!!! I had to, I had to shot him if not god knows what could have happened. Dad came over to me and began to untie me, as soon as I was free he immediately told me to ring the police and I did and within minutes the were her with ambulances and squad cars. My father told the police man what had happened and before he could finish dad's boss entered the house and began to demand answers to what happened. My dad began to tell him and once he had finished explaining, dad's boss told him that he had done the right thing, done what he had to do and possibly saved many lives. My dads boss began to talk to the police and within minutes the were gone, and the house we quiet but myself and dad stunned by the whole ordeal were not going to talk about this incident at all, that was the e nd of it. A couple of weeks after the whole thing my dad resigned, told the company he had enough and that he wanted to spend to time with his children and wife and they accepted his resignation considering the circumstances, and so we are all a happy normal family again but with a story this time.

Lord of the flies comparison Essay

Throughout the course of the two novels, Oliver Twist and Lord of the Flies, the child characters are forced to assume adult roles because they have been isolated from, or excluded by society. The change the children undergo, particularly in Lord of the Flies could be described as ‘growing up’, obtaining experience and knowledge beyond their years, or a loss of innocence. One of the main ways in which children in these novels assume adult roles is through the way they attempt to govern themselves. This is particularly evident in Lord of the Flies as the boys are forced into a situation many of that age dream of; living without adult supervision. This quickly loses its appeal as the boys realise they have to establish some kind of rule and democracy, they elect a leader and soon something akin to a hierarchy is established, much like that of a real Western society. There is also a link to old tribal methods of establishing order, for example the Conch, which is similar to a Native American talking stick, which you had to possess to speak at a meeting and it was passed around so everyone had the opportunity to speak. However, the boys attempts to establish a society with a set of British values such as having a ‘stiff upper lip’ and conducting yourself like a gentleman fails somewhat as they begin to retreat into a primitive state of mind, competing with each other for survival. Jack initially claims that the boys are â€Å"not savages. We’re English, and the English are best at everything†. However as a divide appears amongst the group, led by Jack and Ralph, it becomes evident that Jack’s initial desire for order has gone as he and his tribe repeatedly chant â€Å"Kill the beast! Cut his throat! Spill his blood! † In contrast to this, as savagery begins to take over the majority of the boys, Ralph begins to crave law and order; â€Å"the attraction of wildness had gone. His mind skated to a consideration of a tamed town where savagery could not set foot. † It is possible to argue that both Oliver and other boys his age such as the Artful Dodger and Charley Bates are also forced into having to govern themselves, as they have to work and provide for themselves at such a young age. The governing bodies such as â€Å"the Board† are portrayed as faceless beings who we are encouraged not to trust as they hold Oliver’s fate in their hands. It is suggested throughout the novel that men in positions of power are often not particularly good role models; Sikes and Fagin are outlaws who use children to commit petty crimes on their behalf; â€Å"the Board† and Mr. Bumble fail to hold Oliver’s best interests at heart as they put him in positions where he is abused, mistreated and left uncared for. The representation of adults is not completely negative in Oliver Twist, as it is in Lord of the Flies which draws parallels between the boys governing methods and that of the adult government of the time. The upper class adults in Oliver such as Mr. Brownlow are represented in a positive light as he, unlike Fagin and Mr. Bumble treats Oliver with care which means he no longer has to fend for himself. This Christian charity is only shown through Mr. Brownlow and the people who care for Oliver after he is shot, being forced to break into a house by Bill Sikes. Hierarchy in Victorian times often dictated how a person was treated. Oliver is particularly poorly treated as his mother is seen to be without a wedding ring. On the other hand, in Lord of the Flies, there is an initial attempt by the boys to establish democracy and equality through use of the conch to call meetings. However, this begins to fail as the group divides. The â€Å"savages† move to the other side of the island and â€Å"the world, that understandable and lawful world, was slipping away†. Throughout the book, Golding repeatedly describes the children’s innate sense of wrong-doing as the influence of â€Å"the old life†. Despite a lack of authority figures or â€Å"grown-ups†, the boys seem to possess knowledge of the difference between right and wrong. The boys sometimes throw stones at one another, but they often â€Å"aim to miss†. In one situation, when fun and games become too serious, a boy sits in the middle of a circle being pelted with stones but â€Å"around the squatting child was the protection of parents and school and policemen and the law. † However as their society begins to fall apart there are conflicts in the established hierarchy between elected chief Ralph and the rebellious Jack, they lose this sense which results in the murder of Simon and Piggy. Jack’s tribe then hunt pigs, and ultimately Ralph, in their pursuit of power. This was despite Jack’s initial failure to kill a pig because of â€Å"the enormity of the knife descending and cutting into living flesh†. This loss of innocence is evident at the end of the novel; â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy. † It is often the influence of adults that force Oliver and his companions to grow up. Fagin and Sikes use the boys as minions to commit petty crimes such as theft as, even if they are caught, the two men will not be traceable. During this period children were used for such things, as well as other dangerous and demeaning jobs such as chimney sweeping. It is evident that the wellbeing of the child was not considered by their ‘owners’ and confrontation existed in society between boys and men, as the adults exploited them for money and slave labour;†the man against the child for a bag of gold†. Throughout the two novels the characters evolve and are influenced by the society and events around them. Oliver is described as having experience beyond his years and over the course of the novel he begins to realise more and more about the cruelty of society. He is described as being â€Å"too well accustomed to suffering, and had suffered too much where he was, to bewail the prospect of a change very severely. † This shows that he has gradually come to accept that he has been rejected by society, and he is doomed to live in poverty for what he believes will be a short life. This emphasises his loss of innocence as a child of his age should not be in such a situation. The boys portrayed in chapter twelve of Lord of the Flies are very different characters to those innocently swimming in the lagoon in chapter three; they have become tribal savages who have hunted and killed animals and even their fellow boys in order to survive. Also, the severed sow’s head represents the influence of human suffering on childhood innocence, as it is impaled on a stick in a clearing which had previously been a place of peace and tranquillity, where Simon had innocently sat amongst nature in chapter three. The influence of society from the boys old life was initially evident, but soon they descend into an underworld of murky morals; â€Å"In his other life Maurice had received chastisement for filling a younger eye with sand. Now, though there was no parent to let fall a heavy hand, Maurice still felt the unease of wrong-doing†. The theme of civilization is also evident throughout the two novels. In Lord of the Flies the boy’s intentions are initially very civil, as they use the conch to bring order to their discussions in an attempt to create a fair democracy during their stay on the island. However, this civil attitude doesn’t last and is soon replaced by one of savagery. The moment when Piggy is killed by the falling rock is a very symbolic as it results in the conch being smashed and Piggy’s glasses being destroyed. The conch was a symbol of democracy, which was crumbling under pressure from Jack and his determination to turn to savagery. Also, Piggy’s glasses were a symbol of civilization as they are stereotypically worn by intelligent people. Furthermore, they were used to make fire and their loss results in them no longer being able to do so. Therefore, this event symbolises the final depletion of society, morals and law and order. In Oliver Twist, the line between civilization and savagery is not so clear, as it is suggested that civilization itself can be savage in the sense that many of the people in positions of authority are not concerned about the people their decisions affect. It is often suggested in Oliver Twist that people in high ranking positions are not trustworthy and are not role models, whereas in Lord of the Flies after a long period unsupervised on the island, the boys begin to desire an adult influence to guide them; Piggy expresses a wish that his â€Å"auntie was here†, while Ralph also believes that if an adult was there they would know what to do, and would be able to help them to agree and survive. This links to social hierarchy, which also plays a part in the way the children in the two novels adapt. Oliver is clearly resigned to the fact that he will never be given opportunities to better himself because of his social class, and his mother is not properly cared for when giving birth to him by Mr Bumble and Mrs Mann when it is noted that there is â€Å"no wedding ring, I see, Ah! Good night! † this shows that as Oliver is, to their knowledge, an illegitimate child he and his mother are not thought of as important enough to care for. On the rare occasions Oliver finds courage to ask for more care, or for help in his suffering, he is accused of being â€Å"the ungratefullest and worst-disposed boy as ever I see† by Mr Bumble. Despite Mr Bumble’s higher social status, and position of authority he and the other powerful figures fail to help Oliver out of his situation. This reflects the failure of society and charity to help the poor. The collapse of social hierarchy and civilization is much less subtle in Lord of the Flies, as they lose their sense of moral values and return to a primitive lifestyle with no rules as they battle for survival. There is a suggestion that this reflects the erosion of society and the way in which the government have failed to preserve civilized values. Furthermore, in Lord of the Flies, the idea that children are the future is fore grounded and questioned. The novel has been described as a political satire as it portrays government as children making childlike errors. It is possible to draw parallels between, Simon and Oliver. They both represent innocence and human goodness as Simon is depicted in the clearing in chapter 3 in a scene of natural tranquillity. Simon’s childlike innocence and naivety is a theme throughout the book, and he is described as having â€Å"eyes so bright they had deceived Ralph into thinking him delightfully gay and wicked†. Oliver also possesses an innate sense of hope despite his desperate situation. When he is shot and dying he â€Å"stirred and smiled in his sleep, as though these marks of pity and compassion had awakened some pleasant dream of a love and affection he had never known†. In conclusion, Oliver Twist and Lord of the Flies both depict children in their struggle for survival against a society dominated by adults; a situation which is summed up by Fagin as â€Å"the man against the child, for a bag of gold†. On the other hand, in Lord of the Flies, the threat to the boy’s survival is largely caused by the lack of the very same society. It is necessary for Oliver and the stranded boys in Lord of the Flies to grow up emotionally, although this is not portrayed as a positive thing as the boys gradually lose their innocence. This process is evident in Ralph, as he begins the novel as â€Å"old enough, twelve years and a few months, to have lost the prominent tummy of childhood; and not yet old enough for adolescence†, and ends the novel weeping for his loss of innocence and the death of his friends.